![]() The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease-Cognition (SCOPA-COG) have been recommended as screening tests for PD with mild cognitive impairment. However, cognitive deficits are also frequent, including executive functioning, attention, visuospatial abilities, and memory deficits ( Muslimovic et al., 2005). The main clinical characteristic of PD is motor disorders. While some advances have been reported in the field of AD, fewer studies have investigated Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most frequent neurodegenerative disorder and a common cause of cognitive impairment ( Poewe et al., 2017). However, due to the verbal load of RUDAS, an interpreter could be necessary to correctly apply the test, which could be a limitation in some settings. From a cross-cultural perspective, RUDAS has shown important advantages ( Nielsen and Jørgensen, 2020), compared with the traditional screening test Mini-Mental State Examination test ( Nielsen et al., 2012 Goudsmit et al., 2018). The most common symptoms of AD at early stages are cognitive impairment, where episodic memory deficits play the most significant role, and changes in functioning and behavior ( Dubois et al., 2016). In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as the most common cause of dementia ( Mayeux and Stern, 2012), some cross-cultural tools have been recently described ( Goudsmit et al., 2017 Nielsen et al., 2019 Franzen et al., 2022a, b) as an alternative to classic cognitive screening tests that show differential item functioning ( Jones and Gallo, 2002). Thus, different cross-cultural instruments have been developed trying to minimize the effects of culture in neuropsychological assessments. In this regard, education, which is strongly associated with patterns of ability, and language are especially important during the cognitive assessment. The study of culture and its meaning in neuropsychological assessment has focused on the description of different variables correlated with culture, such as patterns of ability, familiarity, cultural value, acculturation, and language ( Ardila, 2007 Rosselli et al., 2022). In this regard, different research groups highlighted the need for more cross-cultural measures and validation studies, especially screening tools, to assess different clinical groups in Europe ( Franzen et al., 2022a). In Europe, different migratory movements inside and outside the continent have taken place, showing great diversity nowadays ( Franzen et al., 2021). Globalization has resulted in multicultural and diverse spaces where different languages, cultures, and education systems coexist. ![]() Correlations between standardized neuropsychological tests and CCD measures supported the convergent validity of the test.Ĭonclusion: CCD showed good discrimination properties and cut-off scores for dementia and extended its application to a sample of prodromal stages of AD and PD with mild cognitive impairment. Furthermore, CCD described differences in executive functions and speed scores comparing AD-MCI and PD-MCI. Memory and executive function scores (Sun-Moon and Dots tests) were useful in the case of PD-MCI and HC. Memory measures (Objects test) were especially relevant for the classification between AD and HC. Results: Intergroup differences were found in accordance with the cognitive profile of each clinical condition. Intergroup comparisons, ROC curves, and cut-off scores were calculated for the study of diagnostic properties. A comprehensive neuropsychological test battery and CCD were completed. Each clinical group was compared against a healthy control group (HC) with the same number of participants and no significant differences in age, education, and sex. Methods: Sixty participants with AD (50% MCI) and thirty with PD-MCI were enrolled. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic properties of the CCD in Spaniards for the assessment of patients with Alzheimer’s disease in mild cognitive impairment (AD-MCI) and mild dementia stages (AD-D) and patients with mild cognitive impairment associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD-MCI). Objective: The Cross-Cultural Dementia (CCD) is a new screening tool to evaluate cognitive impairment based on a cross-cultural perspective to reduce the bias of education, and language and cultural differences. 3Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, OLVG Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands.2Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.1Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, San Carlos Institute for Health Research (IdiSSC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.Alfonso Delgado-Álvarez 1,2 Cristina Delgado-Alonso 1 Miriam Goudsmit 3 Rocío García-Ramos 1 María José Gil-Moreno 1 María Valles-Salgado 1 María Díez-Cirarda 1 María Dolores Zamarrón-Cassinello 2 Jorge Matías-Guiu 1 Jordi A.
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